Difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

Sr.		Characteristics	Prokaryotes	Eukaryotes
1	Origin		Approximately 3.5 billion years ago	Approximately1.5 billion years ago
2	Size		0.1 um	5-100um
3	Cellularity		Mostly unicellular (Cyanobacteria=multi) Peptidoglycan/ Murine/ saccutus	Multicellular Chitin=  fungi Cellulose= plants + green- algae
4	Cell wall		Cholesterol= absent	Chloroplast= present
5	Cell membrane		Present	Absent
6	Mesosomes		• Membrane bounded organelles= Absent • Fully Gel-like	•Membrane bounded organelles= present • Gel arrow peripheral • sole arrow central
7	Cytoskeleton		Absent (Microtubules)	Present
8	Flagella		Flagellin Protein	Tubline protein
9	Ribosomes		Only 70s ( 50+30)	• 70s (50+30) • 80s ( 60+40)
10	Lysosomes		Absent	Present
11	Glyoxisomes		Absent	Present
12	Peroxisomes		Absent	Present
13	Mitochondria		Absent	Present
14	Chloroplast		Absent	Present
15	Endoplasmic reticulum		Absent	Present
16	Membrane bounded vacuole		Present	Absent
17	Nucleus		Absent	Present
18	Nucleolus		Absent	Present
19	Aerobic respiration		• Cytoplasm • Cell membrane	• Mitochondria • Cytoplasm
20	Photosynthesis		Hydrogen source is H2S ( Hydrogen - sulphide)	• Hydrogen source is H2O ( water)
21	Site of photosynthesis		• Cytoplasm • Cell membrane	Only chloroplast
22	Photosynthetic enzymes		Packed in the mesosomes	Packed in the plastids
23	Photosystems		Absent ( except P. S 2 in cyanobacteria)	P. S 1 +  P. S 2
24	Pigments		Absent ( except chl.A in cyanobacteria)	Chl. A,B,C
25	Nitrogen fixation		Can fix i.e Nitobacter + Nitrosomes	Cannot fix
26	Pinocytosis		Absent	Present
27	Excretion		Simply by diffusion without vacuoles	With the help of vacuoles
28	Ploidity		Haploid always (Cyanobacteria= Multi)	Haploid+ Diploid
29	Chromosomes		•Only DNA= circular •Only one is present	Multiple i.e. Man 46  Frog 26 Onion16 Garden Pea 14
30	Plasmid		Present I.e. pSC 101          Tetracycline PBR322          Tetracycline and Amphiciline	Absent
31	Nucliec- acid to cell- size ratio		High	Low
32	Cell division		Binary fission	Mitosis+ Mieosis
33	DNA replication		Single origin	Multiple origin
34	Okazaki fragments		1000-2000 fragments	100-200 fragments
35	Transcription		Single RNA Polymerase	•RNA poly.1             rRNA •RNA Poly.2             mRNA •RNA Poly.3             tRNA
36	Translation		Started by N- formyl Methionine	Simple methionine
37	Central dogma		Transcription and translation occur simultaneously	First transcription followed by the translation.
38	Promoter		TTGACA(-35)	TTGACA (-75)
39	Sequence		TATAAT(-10)	TATAAT (-25)
40	Genetic code		•UGA            Tryptophan • AGA              Stop	•UGA            Stop • AGA          Arginine
41	RNA modification		• Cap = 7 methyl GTP No tail	No cap • Tail= Poly - A tail

 

 

Eukaryotic cell

 

 

Prokaryotic cell